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cybernetics 控制论 控制论 cybernetics n 1: (biology) the field of science concerned with processes of communication and control (especially the comparison of these processes in biological and artificial systems) 49 Moby Thesaurus words for "cybernetics": aerobiology, agrobiology, anatomy, astrobiology, automatic electronics, autonetics, bacteriology, biochemics, biochemistry, biochemy, bioecology, biological science, biology, biometrics, biometry, bionics, bionomics, biophysics, botany, cell physiology, circuit analysis, communication theory, cryobiology, cytology, ecology, electrobiology, embryology, enzymology, ethnobiology, exobiology, genetics, gnotobiotics, information theory, life science, microbiology, molecular biology, pharmacology, physiology, radio control, radiobiology, servo engineering, servomechanics, system engineering, systems analysis, systems planning, taxonomy, virology, xenobiology, zoology communication in living and man-made systems. The term was first proposed by {Norbert Wiener} in the book referenced below. Originally, cybernetics drew upon electrical engineering, mathematics, biology, neurophysiology, anthropology, and psychology to study and describe actions, feedback, and response in systems of all kinds. It aims to understand the similarities and differences in internal workings of organic and machine processes and, by formulating abstract concepts common to all systems, to understand their behaviour. Modern "second-order cybernetics" places emphasis on how the process of constructing models of the systems is influenced by those very systems, hence an elegant definition - "applied epistemology". Related recent developments (often referred to as {sciences of complexity}) that are distinguished as separate disciplines are {artificial intelligence}, {neural networks}, {systems theory}, and {chaos theory}, but the boundaries between those and cybernetics proper are not precise. See also {robot}. {The Cybernetics Society (http://cybsoc.org)} of the UK. {American Society for Cybernetics (http://asc-cybernetics.org/)}. {IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society (http://isye.gatech.edu/ieee-smc/)}. {International project "Principia Cybernetica" (http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/DEFAULT.html)}. {Usenet} newsgroup: {sci.systems (news:sci.systems)}. ["Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine", N. Wiener, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1948] (2002-01-01)
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