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novation    
n. 更新

更新

novation
n 1: (law) the replacement of one obligation by another by
mutual agreement of both parties; usually the replacement
of one of the original parties to a contract with the
consent of the remaining party

Novation \No*va"tion\, n. [L. novatio; novus new: cf. F.
novation.]
1. Innovation. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]

I shall easily grant that novations in religion are
a main cause of distempers in commonwealths. --Laud.
[1913 Webster]

2. (Law) A substitution of a new debt for an old one; also,
the remodeling of an old obligation; debt restructuring.
[1913 Webster PJC]

NOVATION, civil law. 1. Novation is a substitution of a new for an old debt.
The old debt is extinguished by the new one contracted in its stead; a
novation may be made in three different ways, which form three distinct
kinds of novations.
2. The first takes place, without the intervention of any new person,
where a debtor contracts a new engagement with his creditor, in
consideration of being liberated from the former. This kind has no
appropriate name, and is called a novation generally.
3. The second is that which takes place by the intervention of a new
debtor, where another person becomes a debtor instead of a former debtor,
and is accepted by the creditor, who thereupon discharges the first debtor.
The person thus rendering himself debtor for another, who is in consequence
discharged, is called expromissor; and this kind of novation is caned
expromissio.
4. The third kind of novation takes place by the intervention of a new
creditor where a debtor, for the purpose of being discharged from his
original creditor, by order of that creditor, contracts some obligation in
favor of a new creditor. There is also a particular kind of novation called
a delegation. Poth. Obl. pt. 3, c. 2, art. 1. See Delegation.
5.-2. It is a settled principle of the common law, that a mere
agreement to substitute any other thing in lieu of the original obligation
is void, unless actually carried into execution and accepted as
satisfaction. No action can be maintained upon the new agreement, nor can
the agreement be pleaded as a bar to the original demand. See Accord. But
where an agreement is entered into by deed, that deed gives, in itself, a
substantive cause of action, and the giving such deed may be sufficient
accord and satisfaction for a simple contract debt. 1 Burr. 9; Co. Litt.
212, b.
6. The general rule seems to be that if one indebted to another by
simple contract, give his creditor a promissory note, drawn by himself, for
the same sum, without any new consideration, the new note shall not be
deemed a satisfaction of the original debt, unless so intended and accepted
by the creditor. 15 Serg. & Rawle, 162; 1 Hill's N. Y. R. 516; 2 Wash. C. C.
Rep. 191; 1 Wash. C. C. R. 156, 321; 2 John. Cas. 438; Pet. C. C. Rep. 266;
2 Wash. C. C. R. 24, 512; 3 Wash. C. C. R. 396: Addis. 39; 5 Day, 511; 15
John. 224; 1 Cowen, 711; see 8 Greenl. 298; 2 Greenl. 121; 4 Mason, 343; 9
Watts, 273; 10 Pet. 532; 6 Watts & Serg. 165, 168. But if he transfer the
note he cannot sue on the original contract as long as the note is out of
his possession. 1 Peters' R. 267. See generally Discharge; 4 Mass.. Rep. 93;
6 Mass. R. 371; 1 Pick. R. 415; 5 Mass. R. 11; 13 Mass. R. 148; 2 N. H. Rep.
525; 9 Mass. 247; 8 Pick. 522; 8 Cowen, 390; Coop. Just. 582; Gow. on Partn.
185; 7 Vin. Abr. 367; Louis. Code, art. 2181 to 2194; Watts & S. 276; 9
Watts, 280; 10 S. R. 807; 4 Watts, 378; 1 Watts & Serg. 94; Toull. h.t.;
Domat, h.t.; Dalloz. Dict. h.t.; Merl. Rep. h.t.; Clef des Lois Romaines,
h.t.; Azo & Man. Inst. t. 11, c. 2, SS 4; Burge on Sur. B. 2, c. 5, p. 166.


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  • Jew or Goy? - YouTube
    Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube
  • Goy - Wikipedia
    The meaning of the word goy in Hebrew evolved to mean "non-Jew" in the Hellenistic (300 BCE to 30 BCE) and Roman periods, as both Rabbinical texts and then Christian theology placed increasing emphasis on a binary division between Jews and non-Jews [10][11]
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    r Jewish is a subreddit devoted to all things culturally, communally, and questionably Jewish Less religious-focused than other corners of the internet, and always welcoming to our LGBTQ+ members
  • What Does “Goy” Mean? - Chabad. org
    In Yiddish, something that is not Jewish can be referred to as goyish, and non-Jewish culture can be called goyishkeit If you are not Jewish, there is no need to refer to yourself as a goy
  • goy | Jewish English Lexicon
    Dictionary of Jewish Usage: A Popular Guide to the Use of Jewish Terms, by Sol Steinmetz (Lanham, MD, 2005) See also gentile which does not have the sometimes negative connotation of goy See also goyte, the feminine counterpart Plural: 'goyim'
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    The word “goy” traditionally means “nation” or “non-Jew ” Learn its origins and how extremists are distorting and weaponizing it on social media
  • Goy vs. Goyim - Whats the Difference? | This vs. That
    What's the Difference? Goy and Goyim are both terms used in Jewish culture to refer to non-Jewish individuals However, there is a slight difference in usage between the two terms "Goy" is typically used in a singular context to refer to a single non-Jewish person, while "Goyim" is used in a plural context to refer to a group of non-Jewish people
  • Jewish Attitudes Toward Non-Jews - Judaism 101 (JewFAQ)
    The most commonly used word for a non-Jew is goy The word "goy" means " nation," and refers to the fact that goyim are members of other nations, that is, nations other than the Children of Israel
  • goy - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
    The term goy does not technically refer to non-Jews, but rather to a nation per se; the Jews are said to constitute a goy But through common usage – namely referring to "the [other non-Jewish] nations" – the word came to colloquially refer to non-Jews





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